Paul Sargent Makes History
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3.3 Responses to Industrialization

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Key Concept

The problems of industrialization provoked a range of ideological, governmental, and collective responses.

Concept Overview

The French and industrial revolutions triggered dramatic political and social consequences and new theories to deal with them. The ideologies engendered by these 19th-century revolutions — conservatism, liberalism, socialism, nationalism, and even romanticism — provided their adherents with coherent views of the world and differing blueprints for change. For example, utopian socialists experimented with communal living as a social and economic response to change. The responses to socioeconomic changes reached a culmination in the revolutions of 1848, but the failure of these uprisings left the issues raised by the economic, political, and social transformations unresolved well into the 20th century.

In the second half of the 19th century, labor leaders in many countries created unions and syndicates to provide the working classes with a collective voice, and these organizations used collective action such as strikes and movements for men’s universal suffrage to reinforce their demands. Feminists and suffragists petitioned and staged public protests to press their demands for similar rights for women. The international movements for socialism, labor, and women’s rights were important examples of a trend toward international cooperation in a variety of causes, including antislavery and peace movements. Finally, political parties emerged as sophisticated vehicles for advocating reform or reacting to changing conditions in the political arena.

Nationalism acted as one of the most powerful engines of political change, inspiring revolutions as well as campaigns by states for national unity or a higher degree
of centralization. Early nationalism emphasized shared historical and cultural experiences that often threatened traditional elites. Over the course of the 19th century, leaders recognized the need to promote national unity through economic development and expanding state functions to meet the challenges posed by industry.
*Language on this page is provided by the College Board.

Sub-Concept 1

Ideologies developed and took root throughout society as a response to industrial and political revolutions.

Sub-Concept 2

Governments responded to the problems created or exacerbated by industrialization by expanding their functions and creating modern bureaucratic states.

Sub-Concept 3

Political movements and social organizations responded to the problems of industrialization.


Reading Assingments

Pages below are from Jackson Spielvogel's Western Civilization, Updated 9th AP Edition
Reading assignment 1:
  • Chartism - page 620
  • The Ideology of Conservatism - pages 626-627
  • Liberalism - pages 634-635
  • Nationalism - page 635
  • Early Socialism - pages 635-638
Reading assignment 2:
  • Marx and Marxism - pages 678-680
  • Organizing the Working Classes - pages 697-701
  • Jews in the European Nation-State - pages 738-739
Reading assignment 3:
  • Urban Reformers - page 613
  • Great Britain: Rule of the Tories - page 631
  • The Emergence of an Ordered Society - pages 646-649
Reading assignment 4:
  • Transformation of the Urban Environment - pages 703-707
  • Education in the Mass Society - pages 712-713
Reading assignment 5:
  • Efforts at Change: The Workers - page 619
  • The Trade Union Movement - pages 619-620
  • Luddites - page 620
  • The Movement for Women's Rights - pages 735-738

Interesting Articles

  • Reassessing Peterloo

Primary Sources

  • Klemens von Metternich, Memoirs - page 627
  • John Stuart Mill, On Liberty - page 636
  • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto - page 679
  • Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State - page 740
  • Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor - page 698

Paul Sargent Makes History

  • Home
  • My YouTube Channel
  • AP European History
    • Historical Reasoning Skills
    • Thematic Learning Objectives >
      • Interaction of Europe and the World
      • Poverty and Prosperity
      • Objective Knowledge and Subjective Visions
      • States and Other Institutions of Power
      • Individual and Society
      • National and European Identity
    • Concept Outline
    • Period 1: 1450-1648
    • Period 2: 1648-1815
    • Period 3: 1815-1914
    • Period 4: 1914-Present
    • Exam Review Resources
  • AP Government
    • Concept Outline
    • Constitutional Underpinnings
    • Political Beliefs and Behaviors
    • Linkage Institutions
    • Institutions of Government
    • Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
    • Exam Review
  • Government and Economics
    • Foundations of Government
    • The Constitution
    • Executive Branch
    • The Judicial Branch
    • Voting and Elections
  • My Blog