Paul Sargent Makes History
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3.5 Imperialism and Diplomacy

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Key Concept

A variety of motives and methods led to the intensification of European global control and increased tensions among the Great Powers.

Concept Overview

The European imperial outreach of the 19th century was in some ways a continuation of three centuries of colonization, but it also resulted from the economic pressures and necessities of a maturing industrial economy. The new technologies and imperatives of the second industrial revolution (1870–1914) led many European nations to view overseas territories as sources of raw materials and consumer markets. While European colonial empires in the Western hemisphere diminished in size over this period as former colonies gained independence, the region remained dependent on Europe as a source of capital and technological expertise and was a market for European-made goods. European powers also became increasingly dominant in Eastern and Southern Asia in the early 19th century, and a combination of forces created the conditions for a new wave of imperialism there and in Africa later in the century. Moreover, European national rivalries accelerated the expansion of colonialism as governments recognized that actual control of these societies offered economic and strategic advantages. Notions of global destiny and racial superiority fed the drive for empire, and innovations such as antimalarial drugs, machine guns, and gunboats made it feasible. Non-European societies without these modern advantages could not effectively resist European imperial momentum.

The “new imperialism” of the late 19th and early 20th centuries was promoted in European nations by interest groups that included politicians, military officials and soldiers, missionaries, explorers, journalists, and intellectuals. As an example of
a new complex phase of imperial diplomacy, the Berlin Conference in 1884–1885 outlined the procedures that Europeans should use in the partition of the African continent. By 1914, most of Africa and Asia were under the domination of Great Britain, France, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Notwithstanding the power of colonial administrations, some groups in the colonial societies resisted European imperialism, and by 1914, anticolonial movements had taken root within the non-European world and in Europe itself.


Imperialism exposed Europeans to foreign societies and introduced “exotic” influences into European art and culture. At the same time, millions of Europeans carried their culture abroad, to the Americas and elsewhere, through emigration, and helped to create a variety of mixed cultures around the world.
*Language on this page is provided by the College Board.

Sub-Concept 1

European nations were driven by economic, political, and cultural motivations in their new imperial ventures in Asia and Africa.

Sub-Concept 2

Industrial and technological developments (i.e., the second industrial revolution) facilitated European control of global empires.

Sub-Concept 3

Imperial endeavors significantly affected society, diplomacy, and culture in Europe and created resistance to foreign control abroad.


Reading Assignments

Pages below are from Jackson Spielvogel's Western Civilization, Updated 9th AP Edition
Reading assignment 1:
  • Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution - pages 680-682
  • The Impact of Darwin - pages 727-728
Reading assignment 2:
  • Causes of the New Imperialism - pages 745-747
  • The Scramble for Africa - pages 747-749
Reading assignment 3:
  • Imperialism in Asia - pages 750-753
Reading assignment 4:
  • A Revolution in Health Care - pages 682-684
Reading assignment 5:
  • Responses to Imperialism - pages 753-755
  • Results of the New Imperialism - page 755

Interesting Articles

  • In a Nutshell: The Opium Wars

Primary Sources

  • Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man - page 681
  • Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden - page 746
  • Edward Morel, The Black Man's Burden - pages 746-747
  • Friedrich Fabri, Does Germany Need Colonies? - page 750

Paul Sargent Makes History

  • Home
  • My YouTube Channel
  • AP European History
    • Historical Reasoning Skills
    • Thematic Learning Objectives >
      • Interaction of Europe and the World
      • Poverty and Prosperity
      • Objective Knowledge and Subjective Visions
      • States and Other Institutions of Power
      • Individual and Society
      • National and European Identity
    • Concept Outline
    • Period 1: 1450-1648
    • Period 2: 1648-1815
    • Period 3: 1815-1914
    • Period 4: 1914-Present
    • Exam Review Resources
  • AP Government
    • Concept Outline
    • Constitutional Underpinnings
    • Political Beliefs and Behaviors
    • Linkage Institutions
    • Institutions of Government
    • Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
    • Exam Review
  • Government and Economics
    • Foundations of Government
    • The Constitution
    • Executive Branch
    • The Judicial Branch
    • Voting and Elections
  • My Blog